Introduction to DBMS, RDBMS, and SQL.

Overview of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DQL, DCL, TCL.

DDL commands: Create, Alter, Drop, and Truncate.

DML commands: Insert, Update, Delete, and DQL: Select with WHERE clause.

Built-in data types in SQL and using the WHERE clause.

IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, and compound search with WHERE commands.

ALTER, DROP, Rename commands, and Modify command in SQL.

Adding and dropping columns, SQL constraints, and using ALTER to add or drop constraints.

Using WHERE clause predicates, wildcard filtering, UNION, UNION ALL, and DISTINCT.

Operator precedence in SQL and sorting query results.

Numeric, string, and date functions in SQL (CAST, COALESCE).

Aggregate functions: COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX with GROUP BY and HAVING clauses.

Simple joins, natural joins, equi joins, non-equi joins, and self-joins.

Left joins, inner joins, and outer joins.

Using JOIN operations for complex queries.

Understanding the significance and types of joins in relational databases.